Поделки на микроконтроллерах. Микроконтроллеры AVR: создание устройств своими руками и программирование

Самоделки своими руками на микроконтроллере / Хабр

Всем привет.Очередная самоделка сделанная своими руками на микроконтроллере. Как-то на днях между мной и знакомым зашел разговор о птицах. Как выяснилось из разговора, он занимается разведением различных певчих птиц, при этом он ловит диких птиц, с последующим одомашниванием. Особой хитрости в устройствах для поимки птиц нет. Используют клетки как с механическими срабатывающими устройствами, так и с примитивными дерганиями за веревку. Также используют для приманки как непосредственно саму птицу, посаженную в клетку, так и воспроизводят пение нужной птицы при помощи какого-то проигрывателя. У меня сразу созрел план реализации данного устройства на микроконтроллере. Вот и решил поделиться результатом своего творения.

Сразу встал вопрос, какую клетку применить. Поскольку у меня ничего подходящего не было, то нужно было приобретать или изготовить клетку самому. Делать клетку мне не хотелось, больше хотелось сосредоточиться на электронике. Покупать – не вариант: дорого, да и нужна она мне только на время. Особо птиц ловить я не собирался – так, побаловаться. Вот и решил прошвырнуться по своим знакомым в надежде найти что-то подходящее для данного проекта. И – о чудо! – на чердаке было обнаружена в пыли слегка поржавевшая клетка. Она великолепно подошла для моего проекта. Дверка в клетке открывалась вертикально, что значительно облегчало управление защелкиванием дверей.
Потратив немного времени, я придумал схему. Написание программы для микроконтроллера также не заняло много времени – буквально полчаса, и мое творение уже работало.

Принцип закрывания дверцы клетки весьма прост. Дверка клетки подпирается специальным упором, сделанным из медной проволоки. К упору крепится капроновая нить нужной длины. Если потянуть за нить, то упор соскальзывает, и дверка клетки под собственным весом закрывается. Но это в ручном режиме, а я хотел реализовать автоматический процесс без участия кого-либо.

Для управления механизмом закрывания дверцы клетки был применен сервопривод. Но в процессе работы он создавал шум. Шум мог спугнуть птицу. Поэтому сервопривод я заменил на коллекторный двигатель, взятый из радиоуправляемой машинки. Он работал тихо и идеально подходил, тем более что управлять коллекторным двигателем не составляло сложностей.

Для определения, находится ли уже птица в клетке, я использовал недорогой датчик движения. Сам датчик движения уже является законченным девайсом, и паять ничего не нужно. Но у данного датчика угол срабатывания весьма большой, а мне нужно, чтобы он реагировал только во внутренней области клетки. Для ограничения угла срабатывания я поместил датчик в цоколь, когда-то служившей эконом-лампы. Из картона вырезал своего рода заглушку с отверстием посередине для датчика. Пошаманив с расстоянием данной заглушки относительно датчика, настроил оптимальный угол для срабатывания датчика.

В качестве зазывалы для птиц я решил применить звуковой модуль WTV020M01 с записанным на микроSD карте памяти пением чижа и щегла. Именно их я и собирался ловить. Поскольку я использовал один звуковой файл, то и управлять звуковым модулем я решил простим способом, без использования протокола обмена между звуковым модулем и микроконтроллером.

При подаче на девятую ножку звукового модуля низкого сигнала, модуль начинал воспроизводить. Как только звук воспроизводился на пятнадцатой ноге звукового модуля, устанавливается низкий уровень. Благодаря этому микроконтроллер отслеживал воспроизведение звука.

Поскольку я реализовал паузу между циклами воспроизведения звука, то для остановки воспроизведения звука программа подает низкий уровень на первую ножку звукового модуля (reset). Звуковой модуль является законченным устройством со своим усилителем для звука, и, по большому счету, в дополнительном усилителе звука он не нуждается. Но мне данного усиления звука показалось мало, и в качестве усилителя звука я применил микросхему TDA2822M. В режиме воспроизведения звука потребляет 120 миллиампер. Учитывая, что поимка птицы займет какое-то время, в качестве автономной батареи питания я применил не совсем новый аккумулятор от бесперебойника (всё равно валялся без дела).
Принцип электронного птицелова прост, и схема состоит в основном из готовых модулей.

Программа и схема — atmel-programme.clan.su/Levushka.zip

Работу данного устройства можно посмотреть на видео.

90000 Microcontrollers Introduction, Microcontrollers Types and Applications 90001 90002 What is a Microcontroller? 90003 90004 A microcontroller is a small, low-cost and self contained computer-on-a-chip that can be used as an embedded system. A few microcontrollers may utilize four-bit expressions and work at clock rate frequencies, which usually include: 90005 90006 90007 An 8 or 16 bit microprocessor. 90008 90007 A little measure of RAM. 90008 90007 Programmable ROM and flash memory. 90008 90007 Parallel and serial I / O.90008 90007 Timers and signal generators. 90008 90007 Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog conversion 90008 90019 90004 Microcontrollers usually must have low-power requirements since many devices they control are battery-operated. Microcontrollers are used in many consumer electronics, car engines, computer peripherals and test or measurement equipment. And these are well suited for long lasting battery applications. The dominant part of microcontrollers being used now a days are implanted in other apparatus.90005 90022 90002 How are Microcontrollers Classified? 90003 90004 The microcontrollers are characterized regarding bus-width, instruction set, and memory structure. For the same family, there may be different forms with different sources. This article is going to describe some of the basic types of the Microcontroller that newer users may not know about. 90005 90004 The types of microcontroller is shown in figure, they are characterized by their bits, memory architecture, memory / devices and instruction set.Let’s discuss briefly about it. 90005 90029 90029 Types of Microcontrollers 90002 Classification According to Number of Bits 90003 90004 The bits in microcontroller are 8-bits, 16-bits and 32-bits microcontroller. 90005 90004 In 90036 8-bit 90037 microcontroller, the point when the internal bus is 8-bit then the ALU is performs the arithmetic and logic operations. The examples of 8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8031/8051, PIC1x and Motorola MC68HC11 families. 90005 90039 90039 90004 The 90036 16-bit 90037 microcontroller performs greater precision and performance as compared to 8-bit.For example 8 bit microcontrollers can only use 8 bits, resulting in a final range of 0 × 00 — 0xFF (0-255) for every cycle. In contrast, 16 bit microcontrollers with its 16 bit data width has a range of 0 × 0000 — 0xFFFF (0-65535) for every cycle. A longer timer most extreme worth can likely prove to be useful in certain applications and circuits. It can automatically operate on two 16 bit numbers. Some examples of 16-bit microcontroller are 16-bit MCUs are extended 8051XA, PIC2x, Intel 8096 and Motorola MC68HC12 families.90005 90004 The 90036 32-bit 90037 microcontroller uses the 32-bit instructions to perform the arithmetic and logic operations. These are used in automatically controlled devices including implantable medical devices, engine control systems, office machines, appliances and other types of embedded systems. Some examples are Intel / Atmel 251 family, PIC3x. 90005 90002 Classification According to Memory Devices 90003 90004 The memory devices are divided into two types, they are 90005 90006 90007 Embedded memory microcontroller 90008 90007 External memory microcontroller 90008 90019 90004 90036 Embedded memory microcontroller 90037: When an embedded system has a microcontroller unit that has all the functional blocks available on a chip is called an embedded microcontroller.For example, 8051 having program & data memory, I / O ports, serial communication, counters and timers and interrupts on the chip is an embedded microcontroller. 90005 90004 90036 External Memory Microcontroller 90037: When an embedded system has a microcontroller unit that has not all the functional blocks available on a chip is called an external memory microcontroller. For example, 8031 ​​has no program memory on the chip is an external memory microcontroller. 90005 90002 Classification According to Instruction Set 90003 90004 90036 CISC 90037: CISC is a Complex Instruction Set Computer.It allows the programmer to use one instruction in place of many simpler instructions. 90005 90004 90036 RISC 90037: The RISC is stands for Reduced Instruction set Computer, this type of instruction sets reduces the design of microprocessor for industry standards. It allows each instruction to operate on any register or use any addressing mode and simultaneous access of program and data. 90005 90004 90036 Example for CISC and RISC: 90037 90005 90081 90082 90083 90084 90036 CISC 90037: 90087 90084 Mov AX, 4 90087 90084 90036 RISC 90037: 90087 90094 90084 Mov AX, 0 90087 90097 90083 90094 90084 Mov BX, 2 90087 90094 90094 90084 Mov BX, 4 90087 90097 90083 90094 90084 ADD BX, AX 90087 90094 90094 90084 Mov CX, 2 90087 90097 90083 90094 90094 90094 90084 Begin 90087 90084 ADD AX, BX 90087 90097 90083 90094 90094 90094 90084 Loop 90087 90084 Begin 90087 90097 90134 90135 90004 From above example, RISC systems shorten execution time by reducing the clock cycles per instruction and CISC systems shorten execution time by reducing the number of instructions per program.The RISC gives a better execution than the CISC. 90005 90002 Classification According to Memory Architecture 90003 90004 Memory architecture of microcontroller are two types, they are namely: 90005 90006 90007 Harvard memory architecture microcontroller 90008 90007 Princeton memory architecture microcontroller 90008 90019 90004 90036 Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller 90037: The point when a microcontroller unit has a dissimilar memory address space for the program and data memory, the microcontroller has Harvard memory architecture in the processor.90005 90004 90036 Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller 90037: The point when a microcontroller has a common memory address for the program memory and data memory, the microcontroller has Princeton memory architecture in the processor. 90005 90002 5 Applications of Microcontrollers 90003 90004 Microcontroller has many applications electronic equipment’s 90005 90006 90007 Mobile Phones 90008 90007 Auto Mobiles 90008 90007 Washing Machines 90008 90007 Cameras 90008 90007 Security Alarms 90008 90019 90002 4 Types of Microcontrollers 90003 90004 90036 Microcontroller 8051 90037 90005 90004 It is a 40pin microcontroller with Vcc of 5V connected to pin 40 and Vss at pin 20 which is kept 0V.And there are input and output ports from P1.0 — P1.7 and which having open drain feature. Port3 has got extra features. Pin36 has open drain condition and pin17 has internally pulled up transistor inside the microcontroller. When we apply logic 1 at port1 then we get logic 1 at port21 and vice versa. The programming of microcontroller is dead complicate. Basically we write a program in C-language which is next converted to machine language understand by the microcontroller. A RESET pin is connected to pin9, connected with a capacitor.When the switch is ON, the capacitor starts charging and RST is high. Applying a high to the reset pin resets the microcontroller. If we apply logic zero to this pin, the program starts execution from the beginning. 90005 90004 90036 Memory Architecture of 8051 90037 90005 90004 The memory of 8051 is divided to two parts.They are Program Memory and Data Memory. Program Memory stores the program being executed whereas Data Memory temporarily stores the data and the results. The 8051 has been in use in a wide number of devices, mainly because it is easy to integrate into a device.Microcontrollers are mainly used in energy management, touch screen, automobiles, and medical devices. 90005 90186 90186 Program Memory of 8051And 90188 90188 Data Memory of 8051 90190 90004 90036 Pin Description of 8051 Microcontroller 90037 90005 90004 90196 Pin-40: 90197 Vcc is the main power source of + 5V DC. 90022 90196 Pin 20: 90197 Vss — it represents ground (0 V) connection. 90022 90196 Pins 32-39: 90 197 Known as Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7) to serving as I / O ports. 90022 90196 Pin-31: 90197 Address Latch Enable (ALE) is used to demultiplex the address-data signal of port 0.90022 90196 Pin-30: 90197 (EA) External Access input is used to enable or disable external memory interfacing. If there is no external memory requirement, this pin is always held high. 90022 90196 Pin- 29: 90197 Program Store Enable (PSEN) is used to read signal from external program memory. 90022 90196 Pins- 21-28: 90 197 Known as Port 2 (P 2.0 to P 2.7) — in addition to serving as I / O port, higher order address bus signals are multiplexed with this quasi bi directional port. 90022 90196 Pins 18 and 19: 90197 Used to interfacing an external crystal to provide system clock.90022 90196 Pins 10 — 17: 90197 This port also serves some other functions like interrupts, timer input, control signals for external memory interfacing Read and Write. This is a quasi bidirectional port with internal pull up. 90022 90196 Pin 9: 90197 It is a RESET pin, used to set the 8051 microcontroller to its initial values, while the microcontroller is working or at the initial start of application. The RESET pin must be set high for 2 machine cycles. 90022 90196 Pins 1 — 8: 90197 This port does not serve any other functions.Port 1 is a quasi bi directional I / O port. 90005 90002 Renesas Microcontroller 90003 90004 Renesas is latest automotive microcontroller family that offers high performance feature with exceptionally low power consumption over a wide and versatile extend of items. This microcontroller offers rich functional security and embedded safety characteristics required for new and advanced automotive applications. The core structure of microcontroller CPU support high reliability and high performance requirements.90005 90004 The Renesas microcontroller offering low power, high performance, modest packages and the largest range of memory sizes combined together with characteristics rich peripherals. 90005 90235 90235 Renesas 90004 Renesas offers the most versatile microcontroller families in the world for example our RX family offers a many types devices with memory variants from 32K flash / 4K RAM to an incredible 8M flash / 512K RAM. 90005 90004 The RX Family of 32-bit microcontrollers is a feature rich, general purpose MCU covering a wide range of embedded control applications with high speed connectivity, digital signal processing and inverter control.90005 90004 The RX microcontroller family uses a 32-bit enhanced Harvard CISC architecture to achieve very high performance. 90005 90002 Pin Description: 90003 90004 Pin arrangement of Renesas microcontroller is shown in figure: 90005 90004 90248 90248 90005 90004 It is a 20 pin microcontroller. The pin 9 is Vss, ground pin and Vdd, power supply pin. It has three different kinds of interrupt, which are normal interrupt, fast interrupt, high speed interrupt. 90005 90004 Normal interrupts store the significant registers on stack by using push and pop instructions.The fast interrupts are automatically store program counter and processor status word in special backup registers, so response time is faster. And high speed interrupts allocate up to four of the general registers for dedicated use by the interrupt to expand speed even further. The internal bus structure gives 5 internal busses to ensure data handling is not slowed down. Instruction fetches occur via a wide 64-bit bus, so that due to the variable length instructions used in CISC architectures. 90005 90002 Features and Benefits of the RX Microcontrollers 90003 90006 90007 Low power consumption is realized using multi-core technology 90008 90007 Support for 5V operation for industrial and appliance designs 90008 90007 Scalability from 48 to 145 pins and from 32KB to 1MB flash memory, with 8KB of data flash memory included 90008 90007 Integrated safety feature 90008 90007 An integrated rich function set of 7 UART, I2C, 8 SPI, comparators, 12-bit ADC, 10-bit DAC and 24-bit ADC (RX21A), which will reduce system cost by integrating most functions 90008 90019 90002 Application of Renesas Microcontroller: 90003 90006 90007 Industrial automation 90008 90007 Communication applications 90008 90007 Motor control applications 90008 90007 Test and measurement 90008 90007 Medical applications 90008 90019 90002 AVR Microcontrollers 90003 90004 AVR microcontroller is developed by Alf -Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan from Atmel Corporation.The AVR microcontrollers are modified harvard RISC architecture with separate memories for data and program and speed of AVR is high when compare to 8051 and PIC. The AVR is stands for 90036 A 90037 lf-Egil Bogen and 90036 V 90037 egard Wollan’s 90036 R 90037 ISC processor. 90005 90002 Difference between 8051 and AVR Controllers: 90003 90006 90007 8051s are 8-bit controllers based on CISC architecture, AVRs are 8-bit controllers based on RISC architecture 90008 90007 8051 consumes more power than AVR microcontroller 90008 90007 In 8051, we can program easily than the AVR microcontroller 90008 90007 The speed of AVR is more than the 8051 microcontroller 90008 90019 90002 Classification of AVR Controllers: 90003 90004 AVR Microcontrollers are classified into three types: 90005 90006 90007 TinyAVR — Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications 90008 90007 MegaAVR — These are the most popular ones having good amount of memory (up to 256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to complex applications 90008 90007 XmegaAVR — Used commercially for complex applications, which require large program memory and high speed 90008 90019 90002 Features of AVR Microcontroller: 90003 90006 90007 16KB of In-Sys tem Programmable Flash 90008 90007 512B of In-System Programmable EEPROM 90008 90007 16-bit Timer with extra features 90008 90007 Multiple internal oscillators 90008 90007 Internal, self-programmable instruction flash memory up to 256K 90008 90007 In-system programmable using ISP, JTAG or high voltage methods 90008 90007 Optional boot code section with independent lock bits for protection 90008 90007 Synchronous / asynchronous serial peripherals (UART / USART) 90008 90007 Serial peripheral interface bus (SPI) 90008 90007 Universal serial interface (USI) for two / three-wire synchronous data transfer 90008 90007 Watchdog timer (WDT) 90008 90007 Multiple power-saving sleep modes 90008 90007 10-bit A / D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels 90008 90007 CAN and USB controller support 90008 90007 Low-voltage devices operating down to 1.8v 90008 90019 90004 There are many AVR family microcontrollers, such as ATmega8, ATmega16 and so on. In this article we discussing about the ATmega328 microcontroller. The ATmega328 and ATmega8 are pin compatible ICs but functionally they are different. The ATmega328 has flash memory of 32kB, where the ATmega8 has 8kB. Other differences are extra SRAM and EEPROM, addition of pin change interrupts and timers. Some of the features of ATmega328 are: 90005 90002 Features of ATmega328: 90003 90006 90007 28-pin AVR microcontroller 90008 90007 Flash program memory of 32kbytes 90008 90007 EEPROM data memory of 1kbytes 90008 90007 SRAM data memory of 2kbytes 90008 90007 I / O pins are 23 90008 90007 Two 8-bit timers 90008 90007 A / D converter 90008 90007 Six channel PWM 90008 90007 In built USART 90008 90007 External Oscillator: up to 20MHz 90008 90019 90002 Pin Description of ATmega328 90036: 90037 90003 90004 It comes in 28 pin DIP , shown in figure below: 90005 90383 90383 AVR 90004 90036 Vcc: 90037 Digital supply voltage.90005 90004 90036 GND: 90037 Ground. 90005 90004 90036 Port B: 90037 Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I / O port. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active or one, even if the clock is not running. 90005 90004 90036 Port C: 90037 Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I / O port with internal pull-up resistors. 90005 90004 PC6 / RESET 90005 90004 90036 Port D: 90037 It is an 8-bit bi-directional I / O port with internal pull-up resistors. The output buffers of the Port D consist symmetrical drive characteristics.90005 90004 90036 AVcc: 90037 AVcc is the supply voltage pin for the ADC. 90005 90004 90036 AREF: 90037 AREF is the analog reference pin for the ADC. 90005 90002 Typical Circuit of AVR Microcontroller: 90003 90004 90418 90418 90005 90002 Applications of AVR Microcontroller: 90003 90004 There are many applications of AVR microcontroller; they are used in home automation, touch screen, automobiles, medical devices and defense. 90005 90002 PIC Microcontroller 90003 90004 PIC is a peripheral interface controller, developed by general instrument’s microelectronics, in the year of 1993.It is controlled by the software. They could be programmed to complete many task and control a generation line and many more. PIC microcontrollers are finding their way into new applications like smart phones, audio accessories, video gaming peripherals and advanced medical devices. 90005 90004 There are many PICs, started with PIC16F84 and PIC16C84. But these were the only affordable flash PICs. Microchip has recently introduced flash chips with types that are much more attractive, such as 16F628, 16F877 and 18F452.The 16F877 is around twice the price of the old 16F84, but has eight times the code size, much more RAM, much more I / O pins, a UART, A / D converter and a lot more. 90005 90004 90432 90432 90005 90002 Features of PIC16F877 90003 90004 90036 Core Features: 90037 90005 90006 90007 High-performance RISC CPU 90008 90007 Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH program memory 90008 90007 35 Instructions (fixed length encoding-14-bit) 90008 90007 368 × 8 static RAM based data memory 90008 90007 Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory 90008 90007 Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources) 90008 90007 Three addressing modes (direct, indirect, relative) 90008 90007 Power-on reset ( POR) 90008 90007 Harvard architecture memory 90008 90007 Power saving SLEEP mode 90008 90007 Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V 90008 90007 High sink / source current: 25mA 90008 90007 Accumulator based machine 90008 90019 90002 Peripheral Features: 90003 90006 90007 3 Timer / counters (programmable pre-scalars) 90008 90019 90004 — Timer0, Timer2 are 8-bit timer / counter with 8-bit pre-scalar 90005 90004 — Timer1 is 16-bit, can be incremented during sleep via external crystal / clock 90005 90006 90007 Two capture, compare, PWM modules 90008 90019 90004 — Input capture function records the Timer1 count on a pin transition 90005 90004 — A PWM function output is a square wave with a programmable period and duty cycle.90005 90006 90007 10-bit 8 channel analog-to-digital converter 90008 90007 USART with 9-bit address detection 90008 90007 Synchronous serial port with master mode and I2C Master / Slave 90008 90007 8-bit parallel slave port 90008 90019 90002 Analog Features: 90003 90006 90007 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A / D) 90008 90007 Brown-out Reset (BOR) 90008 90007 Analog Comparator module (Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and comparator outputs are externally accessible ) 90008 90019 90002 Pin Description of PIC16F877A: 90036 90037 90003 90004 90512 90512 90005 90004 90516 90516 90005 90004 90520 90520 90005 90002 Advantages of PIC: 90003 90006 90007 It is a RISC design 90008 90007 Its code is extremely efficient, allowing the PIC to run with typically less program memory than its larger competitors 90008 90007 It is low cost, high clock speed 90008 90019 90002 A Typical Application Circuit of PIC16F877A: 90003 90004 905 36 90536 90005 90004 The circuit below consists of a lamp whose switching is controlled using a PIC microcontroller.The Microcontroller is interfaced with an external crystal which provides clock input. The PIC is also interfaced with a push button and on pressing the push button, the Microcontroller accordingly sends a high signal to the base of the transistor, so as to switch on the transistor and thus give proper connection to the relay to switch it on and allow passage of AC current to the lamp and thus the lamp glows. The status of the operation is displayed on the LCD interfaced to the PIC microcontroller.90005.90000 Introduction to PIC Microcontrollers and its Architecture 90001 90002 PIC is a Peripheral Interface Microcontroller which was developed in the year 1993 by the General Instruments Microcontrollers. It is controlled by software and programmed in such a way that it performs different tasks and controls a generation line. PIC microcontrollers are used in different new applications such as smartphones, audio accessories, and advanced medical devices. 90003 90004 90004 PIC Microcontrollers 90002 There are many PICs available in the market ranging from PIC16F84 to PIC16C84.These types of PICs are affordable flash PICs. Microchip has recently introduced flash chips with different types, such as 16F628, 16F877, and 18F452. The 16F877 costs twice the price of the old 16F84, but it is eight times more than the code size, with more RAM and much more I / O pins, a UART, A / D converter and a lot more features. 90003 90008 90009 PIC Microcontrollers Architecture 90010 90002 The PIC microcontroller is based on RISC architecture. Its memory architecture follows the Harvard pattern of separate memories for program and data, with separate buses.90003 90013 90013 PIC microcontroller architecture 90015 1. Memory Structure 90016 90002 The PIC architecture consists of two memories: Program memory and Data memory. 90003 90002 90020 Program Memory: 90021 This is a 4K * 14 memory space. It is used to store 13-bit instructions or the program code. The program memory data is accessed by the program counter register that holds the address of the program memory. The address 0000H is used as reset memory space and 0004H is used as interrupt memory space.90003 90002 90020 Data Memory: 90021 The data memory consists of the 368 bytes of RAM and 256 bytes of EEPROM. The 368 bytes of RAM consists of multiple banks. Each bank consists of general-purpose registers and special function registers. 90003 90027 90027 90002 The special function registers consist of control registers to control different operations of the chip resources like Timers, Analog to Digital Converters, Serial ports, I / O ports, etc. For example, the TRISA register whose bits can be changed to alter the input or output operations of the port A.90003 90002 The general-purpose registers consist of registers that are used to store temporary data and processing results of the data. These general-purpose registers are each 8-bit registers. 90003 90002 90020 Working Register: 90021 It consists of a memory space that stores the operands for each instruction. It also stores the results of each execution. 90003 90002 90020 Status Register: 90021 The bits of the status register denotes the status of the ALU (arithmetic logic unit) after every execution of the instruction.It is also used to select any one of the 4 banks of the RAM. 90003 90002 90020 File Selection Register: 90021 It acts as a pointer to any other general-purpose register. It consists of a register file address, and it is used in indirect addressing. 90003 90002 Another general-purpose register is the program counter register, which is a 13-bit register. The 5 upper bits are used as PCLATH (Program Counter Latch) to independently function as any other register, and the lower 8-bits are used as the program counter bits.The program counter acts as a pointer to the instructions stored in the program memory. 90003 90002 90020 EEPROM: 90021 It consists of 256 bytes of memory space. It is a permanent memory like ROM, but its contents can be erased and changed during the operation of the microcontroller. The contents into EEPROM can be read from or written to, using special function registers like EECON1, EECON, etc. 90003 90015 2. I / O Ports 90016 90002 PIC16 series consists of five ports, such as Port A, Port B, Port C, Port D, and Port E.90003 90002 90020 Port A: 90021 It is a 16-bit port, which can be used as an input or output port based on the status of the TRISA register. 90003 90002 90020 Port B: 90021 It is an 8-bit port, which can be used as both an input and output port. 4 of its bits, when used as input, can be changed upon interrupt signals. 90003 90002 90020 Port C: 90021 It is an 8-bit port whose operation (input or output) is determined by the status of the TRISC register. 90003 90002 90020 Port D: 90021 It is an 8-bit port, which apart from being an I / O port, acts as a slave port for connection to the microprocessor bus.90003 90002 90020 Port E: 90021 It is a 3-bit port that serves the additional function of the control signals to the A / D converter. 90003 90015 3. Timers 90016 90002 PIC microcontrollers consist of 3 timers, out of which the Timer 0 and Timer 2 are 8-bit timers and the Time-1 is a 16-bit timer, which can also be used as a counter. 90003 90015 4. A / D Converter 90016 90002 The PIC Microcontroller consists of 8-channels, 10-bit Analog to Digital Converter. The operation of the A / D converter is controlled by these special function registers: ADCON0 and ADCON1.The lower bits of the converter are stored in ADRESL (8 bits), and the upper bits are stored in the ADRESH register. It requires an analog reference voltage of 5V for its operation. 90003 90015 5. Oscillators 90016 90002 Oscillators are used for timing generation. PIC microcontrollers consist of external oscillators like crystals or RC oscillators. In the case of crystal oscillators, the crystal is connected between two oscillator pins, and the value of the capacitor connected to each pin determines the mode of operation of the oscillator.The different modes are low-power mode, crystal mode, and the high- speed mode. In the case of RC oscillators, the value of the Resistor and Capacitor determines the clock frequency. The clock frequency ranges from 30 kHz to 4 MHz. 90003 90015 6. CCP module: 90016 90002 A CCP module works in the following three modes: 90003 90002 90020 Capture Mode: 90021 This mode captures the time of arrival of a signal, or in other words, captures the value of the Timer1 when the CCP pin goes high. 90003 90002 90020 Compare Mode: 90021 It acts as an analog comparator that generates an output when the timer1 value reaches a certain reference value.90003 90002 90020 PWM Mode: 90021 It provides pulse width modulated output with a 10-bit resolution and programmable duty cycle. 90003 90002 Other special peripherals include a Watchdog timer that resets the microcontroller in case of any software malfunction and a Brownout reset that resets the microcontroller in case of any power fluctuation and others. For a better understanding of this PIC microcontroller, we are giving one practical project which uses this controller for its operation. 90003 90009 Street Light that Glows on Detecting Vehicle Movement 90010 90002 This LED street light control project is designed to detect the vehicle movement on the highway to switch on a block of street lights ahead of it, and to switch off the trailing lights to save energy .In this project, a PIC microcontroller programming is done by using embedded C or assembly language. 90003 90109 90109 Street Light that Glows on Detecting Vehicle Movement 90002 The power supply circuit gives the power to a whole circuit by stepping down, rectifying, filtering, and regulating the AC mains supply. When there are no vehicles on the highway, all the lights remain off so that the power can be saved. The IR Sensors are placed on either side of the road as they sense vehicles ‘movement and in turn, send the commands to the microcontroller to switch on or off the LEDs.A block of LEDs will be on when a vehicle approaches near it and once the vehicle passes away from this route, the intensity becomes low or completely switched off. 90003 90002 The PIC microcontroller projects can be used in different applications, such as video games ‘peripherals, audio accessories, etc. Apart from this, for any help regarding any projects, you can contact us by commenting in the comment section. 90003.90000 Introduction to Microcontrollers — The Engineering Projects 90001 90002 90002 90004 Hi Guys! We are here to keep you uploaded with useful information so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the 90005 Introduction to Microcontrollers 90006. Microcontroller is an electronic device which is capable of doing various task efficiently in automatic control systems. It consists of memory, I / O ports and processor. We use C and assembly language to program the microcontroller.It is like a tiny computers that helps to ease our tasks with the help of programming used inside compact circuitry. I’ll try to cover each and every aspect related to microcontroller so you get a clear idea what it does and what are its main applications. Let’s hope on the board and explore microcontroller properties one by one. 90007 Introduction to Microcontrollers 90008 90009 90010 90005 Microcontroller 90006 is a compact tiny computer that is fabricated inside a chip and is used in automatic control systems including security systems, office machines, power tools, alarming system, traffic light control, washing machine, and much more.90013 90010 It is economical programmable logic control that can be interfaced with external devices in order to control the devices from a distance. 90013 90010 First microcontroller was made by 90005 Michael Cochran 90006 and 90005 Gary Boone 90006. 90013 90022 90023 90024 90025 90009 90010 It was specially built for embedded system and consisted of read write memory, read only memory, I / O ports, processor and built in clock. 90013 90010 C and assembly languages ​​are used to program the microcontrollers.90013 90010 There are also other languages ​​available to program the microcontroller but at the start learning a microcontroller programming with C and assembly language is a great choice, both are easy to learn and provide a clear concept about microcontroller. 90013 90010 Technology have been evolved in an amazing way and made our lives easier more than ever before. 90013 90010 Few years ago making the elevator in running condition was a hell of task which involved complex programming and circuitry.90013 90010 Now, you are capable of not only controlling elevator from microcontroller but you can also move the submarine with the proper instructions directed into a single microcontroller. 90013 90010 Any application which involves measuring, controlling, and displaying contains a microcontroller chip inside it. 90013 90010 Microcontrollers come with a wide range of applications but it depends on you to decide what task you want to achieve with the help of microcontroller because it will only take instructions in the form of programming language.90013 90010 You can build, upload and execute any program depending on your priorities. 90013 90022 90007 Comparison with Microprocessor 90008 90009 90010 Some people think microcontroller and microprocessor are same, but they are different actually. 90013 90010 Microprocessor use external circuity in order to build communication with peripheral environment, but microcontroller does not involve any external circuitry to put it in a running condition as it comes with a specified built-in circuity that saves both space and cost to design a device of similar characteristics.90013 90010 As compared to microprocessor which are widely used in PCs, laptops and notepads, microcontrollers are specially made for embedded system. 90013 90010 When we talk about embedded system, we actually refer to a devices that come with built in circuitry and need load of proper instructions to control the devices. 90013 90010 Great thing about embedded system is that it involves customized programming that is directly connected to internal circuitry which can be modified again and again till you achieve your desired result.90013 90010 Clock speed of microprocessor is much larger than microcontroller and they are capable of doing complex tasks. They can operate at the frequency of 1 GHZ. 90013 90022 90007 Comparison with Desktop Computers 90008 90009 90010 In contrast to our desktop computer, microcontrollers are tiny computers which contains memory much less than desktop computer. 90013 90010 Also the speed of desktop computer is much larger than speed of the simple microcontroller. 90013 90010 However, microcontrollers exhibit some features similar to desktop computers like it comes with central processing unit which is brain of the microcontroller.90013 90010 These CPU in microcontrollers come with different word length i.e from 4 bit to 64 bit. 90013 90010 They can operate at lower frequencies at 4 kHZ and have an ability to retain functionality before reset button is pressed or some interrupt is called. 90013 90022 90007 Microcontroller Characteristics 90008 90009 90010 In modern technologies, some microcontrollers devices constitute a complex design and are capable of having word length more than 64 bit. 90013 90010 Microcontroller consists of built in components including EPROM, EEPROM, RAM, ROM, timers, I / O ports and reset button.RAM is used for data storage while ROM is used for program and other parameters storage. 90013 90010 Modern microcontroller are designed using CISC (complex instruction set computer) architecture which involves marco-type instructions. 90013 90010 Single macro type instruction is used to replace the number of small instructions. 90013 90010 Modern microcontrollers operate at much lower power consumption as compared to older ones. 90013 90010 They can operate at a lower voltage ranging from 1.8 V to 5.5 V. 90013 90010 Flash memory like EPROM and EEPROM are very liable and advanced features in latest microcontrollers which set them apart from older microcontrollers. 90013 90010 EPROM is faster and quick than EEPROM memory. It allows to erase and write cycles as many times as you want which makes it user friendly. 90013 90022 90007 Microcontroller Parts 90008 90009 90010 Microcontroller is composed of several built in parts which makes it compact and productive in lesser space and cost.Following are the main parts of microcontroller. 90013 90022 90023 90103 90104 90025 90007 CPU 90008 90009 90010 CPU is regarded as the brain of the microcontroller which takes instructions in the form of programming and helps to execute them. 90013 90010 It behaves like a bridge that communicates with different components and activities happening inside the single chip. 90013 90010 Customized programming option available in microcontroller makes it more reliable and user friendly. 90013 90010 CPU is incorporated with on board registers which are divided into two types data registers and addressing registers.90013 90010 Data registers also known accumulators are used for logic and shifting instructions. 90013 90010 Addressing registers are used for holding the addresses for memory data accessing. The stack pointer is referred as a address register which directs to the memory used for hardware stack. Hardware stack is used for interrupt calls and returns and for subroutine calls and returns. 90013 90010 Hardware stack pointer design is not compulsory, some CPU comes with a single link register, which behaves like a deep stack on the CPU and helps in fast subroutine calls and returns.90013 90010 A microcontroller CPU is capable of executing series of instructions some of which are data manipulation instructions, some are logic instruction and some are shifting instructions. 90013 90022 90007 I / O 90008 90009 90010 Different I / O ports are incorporated in the microcontroller. 90013 90010 They are used to connect the external devices such as printers, LCD, LED, external memories to the microcontroller. 90013 90010 There are several serial ports available in the microcontroller which are used to connect peripherals serially with the microcontroller.90013 90022 90007 Memory 90008 90009 90010 Similar to microprocessor, microcontroller comes with memory spaces such as RAM and ROM which help in storing the program source code. 90013 90010 These memory spaces are very small as compared to desktop computers. 90013 90010 Once you generate a program and upload in the microcontroller, it stores in the certain memory location of microcontroller. 90013 90010 These memory locations are already set by the manufacturer. 90013 90022 90007 Timers and Counters 90008 90009 90010 Timers and Counters are very handy in achieving different tasks including pulse generation, frequency generation, measuring, clock function and modulation.90013 90010 Timer and counters functions are synchronized with microcontroller clock, used for measuring time intervals between two events and can count up to 255 count for 8 bit microcontroller and 65535 for 16 bit microcontroller. 90013 90022 90007 ADC and DAC 90008 90009 90010 ADC is an analog to digital converter which converts the analog signal to digital form such as converting analog signal of sensor into digital form. 90013 90010 Similarly, DAC is a digital to analog converter which converts the digital signal into analog form which can be used to control motor.90013 90022 90007 Interpret Control 90008 90009 90010 Interpret control is used to put a delay in the running program. This delay can be generated internally or externally. 90013 90022 90007 Special Functioning Block 90008 90009 90010 Some advanced microcontrollers come with special functioning block that is used in latest robotics and advanced space systems. 90013 90010 This special functioning block comes with more ports than normal microcontroller and is capable of doing most complex and advanced tasks.90013 90022 90007 Microcontroller Types 90008 90023 Based on memory, architecture, and word size, microcontrollers are classified into various types. Some are as follow. 90025 90023 90183 90025 90007 Classification based on Bits 90008 90009 90010 Microcontrollers come in 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit and 64 bit. Some most advanced microcontrollers have bits more than 64 which are capable of executing particular functions in the embedded systems. 90013 90010 8 bit microcontroller is capable of executing smaller arithmetic and logic instructions.Most common 8 bit microcontrollers are atmel 8031 ​​and 8051. 90013 90010 In contrast to 8 bit microcontroller, 16 bit microcontroller executes program with higher precision and accuracy. Most common 16 bit microcontroller is 8096. 90013 90010 32 bit microcontroller is applied into automatic control systems and robotics where high durability and reliability is required. Office machines and some power and communication systems use 32 bit controller to execute different instructions. 90013 90022 90007 Classification based on Memory 90008 90009 90010 Based on memory, microcontrollers are divided into two types i.e.external memory microcontrollers and embedded memory microcontrollers. 90013 90010 When embedded system needs both microcontroller and external functioning block that is not incorporated in microcontroller, then microcontroller is called external memory microcontroller. 8031 is a great example of external memory microcontroller. 90013 90010 When all functioning blocks are incorporated in a single chip that is connected with embedded system, then microcontroller is called embedded memory microcontrollers.8051 is a great example of embedded memory microcontrollers. 90013 90022 90007 Classification based on Instruction Set 90008 90009 90010 Based on instruction set, microcontrollers are classified into two types i.e CISC-CISC and RISC-RISC. 90013 90010 CISC is referred as complex instruction set computer. One valid instruction is enough to replace number of instructions. 90013 90010 RISC is referred as reduced instruction set computer. RISC helps in reducing the operation time of executing the program.It does it by reducing the clock cycle per instruction. 90013 90022 90007 Types of Microcontrollers 90008 90023 There are numerous types of microcontrollers and I am gonna discuss few of them in detail here: 90025 90023 90222 90104 90025 90007 8051 Microcontroller 90008 90009 90010 Most commonly used microcontrollers are belonged to 8051 family. 90013 90010 8051 microcontrollers are considered as an ideal choice for most of the professionals. 90013 90010 Invented by Intel, 8051 microcontroller consists of two members including 8052 and 8031.90013 90010 8052 consists of 3 times and 256 bytes RAM. It encompasses same features as that of 8051 microcontrollers. 90013 90010 You can also consider 8051 as a subset of 8052 microcontroller .. 90013 90010 Similarly, 8031 ​​exhibits same features as that of 8051 except ROM. 90013 90010 However, external ROM of 64k bytes can be incorporated in this chip for execution of instructions. 90013 90022 90007 8051 Microcontroller Architecture 90008 90009 90010 8051 microcontroller is a 40 pin 8 bit microcontroller invented by Intel in одна тисяча дев’ятсот вісімдесят одна.90013 90010 8051 comes with 128 bytes of RAM and 4KB of built in ROM. 90013 90010 Based on priorities, 64 KB external memory can be incorporated with the microcontroller. 90013 90010 A crystalline oscillator is embedded on this microcontroller which comes with a frequency of 12 MHz. 90013 90010 Two 16 bit timers are integrated in this microcontroller that can be used as a timer as well as a counter. 90013 90010 8051 consists of 5 interrupts including External interrupt 0, external interrupt 1, Timer interrupt 0, timer interrupt 1 and Serial port interrupt.It also consists of four 8 bits programmable ports. 90013 90022 90007 PIC Microcontroller 90008 90009 90010 Micro-chip technology invented Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) which is very common among most of the professionals and experts. 90013 90010 Micro-chip Technology is very concerned with the needs and requirements of the customers so they constantly keep upgrading their products in order to provide top notch service. 90013 90010 Low cost, serial programmable ability, and wide availability make this microcontroller stand out of the party.90013 90022 90007 PIC Microcontroller Architechture 90008 90009 90010 PIC microcontroller supports Harvard architecture. 90013 90010 It consists of ROM, CPU, serial communication, timers and counters, oscillators, interrupts, I / O ports and set of registers that also behave as a RAM. 90013 90010 Special purpose registers are also incorporated on chip hardware. 90013 90010 Low power consumption makes this controller an ideal choice for an industrial purpose. 90013 90010 Every PIC brings into play «stack» that is capable of saving return addresses.90013 90010 In the older version of PIC microcontrollers, stack could not be accessed by programming, but later versions can be easily accessed by programming. 90013 90010 Low specification computer is enough to run the software that is capable of programming the PIC microcontroller circuit. 90013 90010 Serial port or USB port is used to connect he computer with the microcontroller. 90013 90022 90007 AVR Microcontroller 90008 90009 90010 AVR is referred as Advances Virtual RISC which was produced by Atmel in 1966.90013 90010 It supports Harvard Architecture in which program and data is stored in different spaces of microcontroller and can easily be accessed. 90013 90010 It is considered as earlier types of controllers in which on-chip flash is used for storing program. 90013 90022 90007 AVR Architechture 90008 90009 90010 AVR architecture was produced by Vegard Wollan and Alf-Egil Bogen. 90013 90010 The AT90S8515 was the first controller that was based on AVR architechture. 90013 90010 However, AT90S1200 was the first AVR microcontroller that was commercially available in 1997.90013 90010 The flash, EEPROM and SRAM all are integrated on a single chip, which removes the possibility of joining any external memory with the controller. 90013 90010 This controller has a watchdog timer and many power saving sleep modes that make this controller reliable and user-friendly. 90013 90022 90007 Applications 90008 90009 90010 Peripheral controller of a PC 90013 90010 Robotics and Embedded systems 90013 90010 Bio-medical equipment 90013 90010 Communication and power systems 90013 90010 Automobiles and security systems 90013 90010 Implanted medical equipment 90013 90010 Fire detection devices 90013 90010 Temperature and light sensing devices 90013 90010 Industrial automation devices 90013 90010 Process control devices 90013 90010 Measuring and Controlling revolving objects 90013 90022 90023 That’s all for today.I hope you have enjoyed the article. Our job is to provide you useful information step by step, so you can digest the information without much effort. However, if still you feel skeptical or have any doubt you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you according to best of my expertise. Stay Tuned. 90104 90025.90000 What is a Microcontroller? 90001 90002 Microcontrollers are integral part of embedded systems. A microcontroller is basically cheap and small computer on a single chip that comprises a processor, a small memory, and programmable input-output peripherals. They are meant to be used in automatically controlled products and devices to perform predefined and pre-programmed tasks. To get a better idea of ​​what actually is a microcontroller; let’s see an example of a product where microcontroller is used.A digital thermometer that displays the ambient temperature uses a microcontroller which is connected to a temperature sensor and a display unit (like LCD). The microcontroller here takes the input from temperature sensor in raw form, process it and display it to a small LCD display unit in a human readable form. Similarly a single or multiple microcontrollers are used in many electronic devices according to requirement and complexity of applications. 90003 90002 90003 90006 Where they are used? 90007 90002 Microcontrollers are used in embedded systems, basically a variety of products and devices that are combination of hardware and software, and developed to perform particular functions.A few examples of embedded systems where microcontrollers are used, could be — washing machines, vending machines, microwaves, digital cameras, automobiles, medical equipment, smart phones, smart watches, robots and various home appliances. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90003 90006 Why do we use microcontrollers? 90007 90002 Microcontrollers are used to employ automation in embedded applications. The major reason behind immense popularity of microcontrollers is their ability to reduce size and cost of a product or design, compared to a design that is build using separate microprocessor, memory and input / output devices.90003 90002 As microcontrollers have features like in-built microprocessor, RAM, ROM, Serial Interfaces, Parallel Interfaces, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) etc. that makes it easy to build applications around it. In addition, microcontrollers ‘programming environment offers vast possibilities to control the different types of applications as per their requirement. 90003 90002 90003 90006 What are the different types of microcontrollers? 90007 90002 There is a wide range of microcontrollers available in the market.Various companies like Atmel, ARM, Microchip, Texas Instruments, Renesas, Freescale, NXP Semiconductors, etc. manufacture different kinds of microcontrollers with different kinds of features. Looking into various parameters like programmable memory, flash size, supply voltage, input / output pins, speed, etc, one can select the right microcontroller for their application. 90003 90002 Let’s have a look to these parameters and 90027 different types of microcontrollers 90028 according to these parameters.90003 90002 90027 Data bus (Bit Size): 90028 90003 90002 When classified according to the bit-size, most of the microcontrollers range from 8-bit to 32 bit (higher bit microcontrollers are also available). In an 8-bit microcontroller its data bus consists of 8 data lines, while in a 16-bit microcontroller its data bus consists of 16 data lines and so on for 32 bit and higher microcontrollers. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Memory: 90028 90003 90002 Microcontrollers need memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, etc) to store programs and data.While some microcontrollers have inbuilt memory chips while others require an external memory to be connected. These are called embedded memory microcontrollers and external memory microcontrollers respectively. Inbuilt memory size also varies in different types of microcontrollers and generally you would find microcontrollers with memory of 4B to 4Mb. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Number of Input / Output Pins: 90028 90003 90002 Microcontrollers vary according to the number of input-output pin sizes.One can choose a specific microcontroller as per the requirement of application. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Instruction Set: 90028 90003 90002 There are two types of instruction sets — RISC and CISC. A microcontroller can use RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) or CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). As name suggests, RISC reduces the operation time defining the clock cycle of an instruction; while CISC allows applying one instruction as an alternative to many instructions. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Memory Architecture: 90028 90003 90002 There are two types of microcontrollers — Harvard memory architecture microcontrollers and Princeton memory architecture microcontrollers.90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Here are some popular microcontrollers among students and hobbyists. 90028 90003 90002 8051 series of microcontrollers (8-bit) 90003 90002 AVR microcontrollers by Atmel (ATtiny, ATmega series) 90003 90002 Microchip’s PIC series microcontrollers 90003 90002 Texas Instruments ‘microcontrollers like MSP430 90003 90002 ARM Microcontrollers 90003 90002 90003 90006 Features of Microcontrollers 90007 90002 Microcontrollers are used in embedded systems for their various features.As shown in the below block diagram of a microcontroller, it comprises of processor, I / O pins, serial ports, timers, ADC, DAC, and Interrupt Control. 90003 90002 90091 90003 90002 90027 Processor or CPU 90028 90003 90002 Processor is the brain of a microcontroller. When provided the input through input pins and instructions through programs, it process the data accordingly and provide at the output pins. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Memory 90028 90003 90002 Memory chips are integrated in a microcontroller to store all the programs and data.There could be different types of memory integrated in microcontrollers like RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, etc. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Input-Output Ports 90028 90003 90002 Every microcontroller has input output ports. Depending on the types of microcontrollers, the number of input output pins may vary. They are used to interface with external input and output devices like sensors, display units, etc. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Serial Ports 90028 90003 90002 They facilitate microcontrollers serial interface with other peripherals.A serial port is a serial communication interface through which information transfers in or out one by one bit at a time. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 ADC and DAC 90028 90003 90002 Sometimes embedded systems need to convert data from digital to analog and vice versa. So most of the microcontrollers are incorporated with inbuilt ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and DAC (Digital to Analog Converters) to perform the required conversion. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Timers 90028 90003 90002 Timers and counters are important parts of embedded systems.They are required for various operations like pulse generation, count external pulses, modulation, oscillation, etc. 90003 90002 90003 90002 90027 Interrupt Control 90028 90003 90002 Interrupt control is one of the powerful features of microcontrollers. It is a sort of a notification which interrupts the ongoing process and instructs to perform the task defined by interrupt control. 90003 90002 90003 90002 To summarize all this up, microcontrollers are sort of compact mini computers which are designed to perform specific tasks in embedded systems.With a wide range of features, their importance and use are vast and they can be found in products and devices across all industries. 90003 90002 [Also read: Difference between microprocessor and microcontroller] 90003 .