Обозначения деталей на электрических схемах. Условные обозначения в электрических схемах по ГОСТ: подробное руководство

Условные обозначения на электрических схемах по ГОСТ: буквенные, графические

Чтобы понять, что конкретно нарисовано на схеме или чертеже, необходимо знать расшифровку тех значков, которые на ней есть. Это распознавание еще называют чтением чертежей. А чтоб облегчить это занятие почти все элементы имеют свои условные значки. Почти, потому что стандарты давно не обновлялись и некоторые элементы рисуют каждый как может. Но, в большинстве своем, условные обозначения в электрических схемах есть в нормативны документах.

Условные обозначения в электрических схемах: лампы,трансформаторы, измерительные приборы, основная элементная база

Нормативная база

Содержание статьи

Разновидностей электрических схем насчитывается около десятка, количество различных элементов, которые могут там встречаться, исчисляется десятками если не сотнями. Чтобы облегчить распознавание этих элементов, введены единые условные обозначения в электрических схемах. Все правила прописаны в ГОСТах. Этих нормативов немало, но основная информация есть в следующих стандартах:

Нормативные документы, в которых прописаны графические обозначения элементной базы электрических схем

Изучение ГОСТов дело полезное, но требующее времени, которое не у всех есть в достаточном количестве. Потому в статье приведем условные обозначения в электрических схемах — основную элементную базу для создания чертежей и схем электропроводки, принципиальных схем устройств.

Обозначение электрических элементов на схемах

Некоторые специалисты внимательно посмотрев на схему, могут сказать что это и как оно работает. Некоторые даже могут сразу выдать возможные проблемы, которые могут возникнуть при эксплуатации. Все просто — они хороша знают схемотехнику и элементную базу, а также хорошо ориентируются в условных обозначениях элементов схем. Такой навык нарабатывается годами, а, для «чайников», важно запомнить для начала наиболее распространенные.

Обозначение светодиода, стабилитрона, транзистора (разного типа)

Электрические щиты, шкафы, коробки

На схемах электроснабжения дома или квартиры обязательно будет присутствовать обозначение электрического щитка или шкафа. В квартирах, в основном устанавливается там оконечное устройство, так как проводка дальше не идет. В домах могут запроектировать установку разветвительного электрошкафа — если из него будет идти трасса на освещение других построек, находящихся на некотором расстоянии от дома — бани, летней кухни, гостевого дома. Эти другие обозначения есть на следующей картинке.

Обозначение электрических элементов на схемах: шкафы, щитки, пульты

Если говорить об изображениях «начинки» электрических щитков, она тоже стандартизована. Есть условные обозначения УЗО, автоматических выключателей, кнопок, трансформаторов тока и напряжения и некоторых других элементов. Они приведены следующей таблице (в таблице две страницы, листайте нажав на слово «Следующая»)

Элементная база для схем электропроводки

При составлении или чтении схемы пригодятся также обозначения проводов, клемм, заземления, нуля и т.д. Это то, что просто необходимо начинающему электрику или для того чтобы понять, что же изображено на чертеже и в какой последовательности соединены ее элементы.

Пример использования приведенных выше графических изображений есть на следующей схеме. Благодаря буквенным обозначениям все и без графики понятно, но дублирование информации в схемах никогда лишним не было.

Пример схемы электропитания и графическое изображение проводов на ней

Изображение розеток

На схеме электропроводки должны быть отмечены места установки розеток и выключателей. Типов розеток много — на 220 В, на 380 в, скрытого и открытого типа установки, с разным количеством «посадочных» мест, влагозащищенные и т.д. Приводить обозначение каждой — слишком длинно и ни к чему. Важно запомнить как изображаются основные группы, а количество групп контактов определяется по штрихам.

Обозначение розеток на чертежах

Розетки для однофазной сети 220 В обозначаются на схемах в виде полукруга с одним или несколькими торчащими вверх отрезками. Количество отрезков — количество розеток на одном корпусе (на фото ниже иллюстрация). Если в розетку можно включить только одну вилку — вверх рисуют один отрезок, если два — два, и т.д.

Условные обозначения розеток в электрических схемах

Если посмотрите на изображения внимательно, обратите внимание, что условное изображение, которое находится справа, не имеет горизонтальной черты, которая отделяет две части значка. Эта черта указывает на то, что розетка скрытого монтажа, то есть под нее необходимо в стене сделать отверстие, установить подрозетник и т.д. Вариант справа — для открытого монтажа. На стену крепится токонепроводящая подложка, на нее сама розетка.

Также обратите внимание, что нижняя часть левого схематического изображения перечеркнута вертикальной линией. Так обозначают наличие защитного контакта, к которому подводится заземление. Установка розеток с заземлением обязательна при включении сложной бытовой техники типа стиральной или посудомоечной машины, духовки и т.д.

Обозначение трехфазной розетки на чертежах

Ни с чем не перепутаешь условное обозначение трехфазной розетки (на 380 В). Количество торчащих вверх отрезков равно количеству проводников, которые к данному устройству подключаются — три фазы, ноль и земля. Итого пять.

Бывает, что нижняя часть изображения закрашена черным (темным). Это обозначает что розетка влагозащищенная. Такие ставят на улице, в помещениях с повышенной влажностью (бани, бассейны и т.д.).

Отображение выключателей

Схематическое обозначение выключателей выглядит как небольшого размера кружок с одним или несколькими Г- или Т- образными ответвлениями. Отводы в виде буквы «Г» обозначают выключатель открытого монтажа, с виде буквы «Т» — скрытого монтажа. Количество отводов отображает количество клавиш на этом устройстве.

Условные графические обозначения выключателей на электрических схемах

Кроме обычных могут стоять проходные выключатели — для возможности включения/выключения одного источника света из нескольких точек. К такой же небольшой окружности с противоположных сторон пририсовывают две буквы «Г». Так обозначается одноклавишный проходной переключатель.

Как выглядит схематичное изображение проходных выключателей

В отличие от обычных выключателей, в этих при использовании двухклавишных моделей добавляется еще одна планка, параллельная верхней.

Лампы и светильники

Свои обозначения имеют лампы. Причем отличаются лампы дневного света (люминесцентные) и лампы накаливания. На схемах отображается даже форма и размеры светильников. В данном случае надо только запомнить как выглядит на схеме каждый из типов ламп.

Изображение светильников на схемах и чертежах

Радиоэлементы

При прочтении принципиальных схем устройств, необходимо знать условные обозначения диодов, резисторов, и других подобных элементов.

Условные обозначения радиоэлементов в чертежах

Знание условных графических элементов поможет вам прочесть практически любую схему — какого-нибудь устройства или электропроводки. Номиналы требуемых деталей иногда проставляются рядом с изображением, но в больших многоэлементных схемах они прописываются в отдельной таблице. В ней стоят буквенные обозначения элементов схемы и номиналы.

Буквенные обозначения

Кроме того, что элементы на схемах имеют условные графические названия, они имеют буквенные обозначения, причем тоже стандартизованные (ГОСТ 7624-55).

	Название элемента электрической схемы	Буквенное обозначение
1	Выключатель, контролер, переключатель	В
2	Электрогенератор	Г
3	Диод	Д
4	Выпрямитель	Вп
5	Звуковая сигнализация (звонок, сирена)	Зв
6	Кнопка	Кн
7	Лампа накаливания	Л
8	Электрический двигатель	М
9	Предохранитель	Пр
10	Контактор, магнитный пускатель	К
11	Реле	Р
12	Трансформатор (автотрансформатор)	Тр
13	Штепсельный разъем	Ш
14	Электромагнит	Эм
15	Резистор	R
16	Конденсатор	С
17	Катушка индуктивности	L
18	Кнопка управления	Ку
19	Конечный выключатель	Кв
20	Дроссель	Др
21	Телефон	Т
22	Микрофон	Мк
23	Громкоговоритель	Гр
24	Батарея (гальванический элемент)	Б
25	Главный двигатель	Дг
26	Двигатель насоса охлаждения	До

Обратите внимание, что в большинстве случаев используются русские буквы, но резистор, конденсатор и катушка индуктивности обозначаются латинскими буквами.

Есть одна тонкость в обозначении реле. Они бывают разного типа, соответственно маркируются:

• реле тока — РТ;
• мощности — РМ;
• напряжения — РН;
• времени — РВ;
• сопротивления — РС;
• указательное — РУ;
• промежуточное — РП;
• газовое — РГ;
• с выдержкой времени — РТВ.

В основном, это только наиболее условные обозначения в электрических схемах.  Но большую часть чертежей и планов вы теперь сможете понять. Если потребуется знать изображения более редких элементов, изучайте ГОСТы.

90000 Conventional designation in electrical circuits. Conditional graphic and letter designations 90001 90002 If you are engaged in electrical work, then it is necessary to know the symbols in the electrical circuits. The ability to read electrical circuits is an important quality of assemblers, fitters of instrumentation and instrumentation, circuit designers. And if you do not have special training, you will not be able to understand all the intricacies immediately. But we must remember that the symbols on the schemes that are developed for Russian consumers differ from the generally accepted standards abroad — in Europe, the United States, and Japan.90003 90004 History of designations on diagrams 90005 90002 Back in the Soviet years, when electrical engineeringdeveloped rapidly, there was a need for the classification of devices and their designation. It was then that the Unified System for Design Documentation (ESDC) and state standards (GOST) appeared. Everything was standardized so that any engineer could read the symbols on the drawings of his colleagues. 90003 90002 But in order to make out all the subtleties, listen to a lot of lectures and learn a lot of special literature.GOST is a huge document, and it is almost impossible to fully understand all graphic designations and their standard sizes, notes. Therefore, it is necessary to have always at hand a small «cheat sheet» that will help you navigate the whole variety of electrical components. 90003 90004 Electrical wiring in the drawings 90005 90002 Wiring is a generalized concept, itimplies conductors with very low resistance. With their help, the voltage is transferred from the source of electricity to consumers.This is a general concept, since there are many types of wiring. 90003 90002 People who do not understand schematics andthe electrical wiring may decide that the conductor is an insulated cable that is connected to switches and sockets. But in fact, there are many types of conductors, and on schemes they are designated differently. 90003 90004 Conductors in diagrams 90005 90002 Even copper tracks on the mounting textoliteboards — this is a conductor, you can even say that this is an option for electrical wiring.Indicated on electrical circuits in the form of a straight connecting line, passing from one element to another. In the same way, the electric wires of the high-voltage line laid in the fields between the posts are also indicated in the diagram. And in the apartments, the connecting wires between the lamps, switches and sockets are also denoted by straight connecting lines. 90003 90002 But it is possible to divide into three subgroups the designation of conductive elements: 90003 90022 90023 Wires.90024 90023 Cables. 90024 90023 Electrical connections. 90024 90029 90002 The wiring plan is incorrectDefinitio 90003.90000 Conventional designation in electrical circuits. Conditional graphic and letter designations 90001 90002 If you are engaged in electrical work, then it is necessary to know the symbols in the electrical circuits. The ability to read electrical circuits is an important quality of assemblers, fitters of instrumentation and instrumentation, circuit designers. And if you do not have special training, you will not be able to understand all the intricacies immediately. But we must remember that the symbols on the schemes that are developed for Russian consumers differ from the generally accepted standards abroad — in Europe, the United States, and Japan.90003 90004 History of designations on diagrams 90005 90002 Back in the Soviet years, when electrical engineeringdeveloped rapidly, there was a need for the classification of devices and their designation. It was then that the Unified System for Design Documentation (ESDC) and state standards (GOST) appeared. Everything was standardized so that any engineer could read the symbols on the drawings of his colleagues. 90003 90002 But in order to make out all the subtleties, listen to a lot of lectures and learn a lot of special literature.GOST is a huge document, and it is almost impossible to fully understand all graphic designations and their standard sizes, notes. Therefore, it is necessary to have always at hand a small «cheat sheet» that will help you navigate the whole variety of electrical components. 90003 90004 Electrical wiring in the drawings 90005 90002 Wiring is a generalized concept, itimplies conductors with very low resistance. With their help, the voltage is transferred from the source of electricity to consumers.This is a general concept, since there are many types of wiring. 90003 90002 People who do not understand schematics andthe electrical wiring may decide that the conductor is an insulated cable that is connected to switches and sockets. But in fact, there are many types of conductors, and on schemes they are designated differently. 90003 90004 Conductors on diagrams 90005 90002 Even copper tracks on the mounting textoliteboards — this is a conductor, you can even say that this is an option for electrical wiring.Indicated on electrical circuits in the form of a straight connecting line, passing from one element to another. In the same way, the electric wires of the high-voltage line laid in the fields between the posts are also indicated in the diagram. And in the apartments, the connecting wires between the lamps, switches and sockets are also denoted by straight connecting lines. 90003 90002 But it is possible to divide into three subgroups the designation of conductive elements: 90003 90022 90023 Wires.90024 90023 Cables. 90024 90023 Electrical connections. 90024 90029 90002 The wiring plan is incorrectDefinition, since wiring refers to both wiring and cables. But if you significantly expand the list of elements, as it is necessary in the detailed scheme, it turns out that it is necessary to include more transformers, circuit breakers, residual current devices, grounding, insulators. 90003 90004 Sockets on the circuits 90005 90002 Sockets are plug connections, designed for non-rigid connection (there is a possibility to manually disconnect the connection) of electrical circuits.The symbols in the drawings are strictly regulated by GOST. With its help, rules are established for the designation of apparatuses and lighting devices and various other electric consumers on the drawings. Sockets plug type can be divided into three categories: 90003 90022 90023 Designed for outdoor installation. 90024 90023 Designed for concealed installation. 90024 90023 A unit that includes a socket and a switch. 90024 90029 90002 These three categories can be further divided into several subgroups, depending on the connection options and the presence of protection: 90003 90022 90023 Single-pole sockets.90024 90023 Two-pole. 90024 90023 Two-pole and protective contact. 90024 90023 Three-pole. 90024 90023 Three-pole and protective contact. 90024 90029 90002 That’s enough, there are no special features for the sockets, there are many options for execution. All devices have a degree of protection, the choice should be made based on the conditions under which it is to be used: humidity level, temperature, mechanical influences. 90003 90004 Switches on wiring diagrams 90005 90002 Switches are devices by whichthe electrical circuit is broken.This can be done automatically or manually. The conventional graphic designation by GOST is regulated, as well as at sockets. The designation depends on the conditions in which the element operates, what its design is, and the degree of protection. There are several types of switch constructions: 90003 90022 90023 Single-pole (including double and built-in). 90024 90023 Two-pole. 90024 90023 Three-pole. 90024 90029 90002 The diagrams necessarily indicate the parametersdisconnecting device.And the graphic designation shows which type is used: a simple switch, a button with and without fixing, an acoustic device (responsive to cotton) or an optical device. If there is a condition that the lighting is turned on at nightfall and turned off in the morning, you can use an optical sensor and a small control circuit. 90003 90004 Fuses (fuse links) 90005 90002 There are many types of protection devices -fuses (disposable and self-healing), circuit breakers, RCDs. Many types of design, applications, different speed of operation, reliability, use under certain conditions characterizes these devices.The conventional designation of a fuse is a rectangle, a conductor runs parallel to the long side through the center. This is the simplest and cheapest element, able to protect the electrical circuit from short circuit. It should be noted that such components are rarely used in electric principal schemes. Conventional symbols of a different type can be found — these are self-healing fuses, which after the opening of the circuit return to their original state. 90003 90002 The wide name of fuses is fusibleinsert.It is used in many devices, in distribution electrical panels. In single-use traffic jams, you can meet them. But there are also devices used in high-voltage switchboards. They are structurally made of metal tips and the main ceramic part. Inside is a section of the conductor (its cross-section is selected depending on which maximum current should pass through the circuit). The ceramic body is filled with sand to exclude the possibility of ignition. 90003 90004 Automatic switches 90005.90000 IEC Reference Designations 90001 90002 90003 The IEC publishes a series of documents and rules governing the preparation of documents, drawings and the referencing of equipment. Depending on country and industry, people are either familiar with the IEC system or not. For those not familiar it can be a little confusing at first. 90004 90003 Often when IEC document production is compared to other methods it is mistakenly assumed the difference is simply symbols.This is not the case. The IEC document and referencing system is a comprehensive approach covering symbols, drawing and layout techniques, equipment references, identification of terminals and signals, classification of documents and computer data organisation. It also goes beyond just documentation and extends into physical devices and implementation. 90004 90003 I’ve introduced IEC systems to three companies. In each case my initial attempts were meet with criticism, objections and the belief that it was unduly complicating life.However, in all these cases and after a couple of projects everyone on the team was highly praising of the IEC method and were not willing to go back to their old system. In each case implementation of IEC based methods resulting in simplification of documents (drawings), better technical content on the documents, more consistency between documents and a reduction in the time to necessary produce the documents. 90004 90003 One of the areas of the IEC system which is sometimes confuses the first time people come across it is the formulation of reference designations.This note gives a brief overview and introduction to the reference designation system. 90004 90011 Aspects 90012 90003 In defining designations, prefix aspects are used: 90004 90015 90016 90017 90018 90015 90016 90017 90022 Prefix 90023 90024 Aspect 90023 90026 90017 90028 = 90029 90030 Function — what does the product do 90029 90026 90017 90028 — 90029 90030 Product — (how is the object constructed 90029 90026 90017 90028 + 90029 90030 Location — where is the object located 90029 90026 90045 90046 90029 90030 90003 The prefix is ​​used to construct single level designations, 90002 which shall consist of the following: 90004 90052 90053 a letter code; 90054 90053 a letter code followed by a number 90054 90053 90003 a number 90004 90054 90061 90029 90026 90045 90046 90003 The IEC system allows drawing elements and products to be specified in either the functional, product or location aspect or some combination of two or more aspects.Still sounds a little confusing? Hopefully and example will make it easier to understand. 90004 90068 Application by Example 90069 90003 The IEC is fairly open on how you apply reference designations for projects and organisations. Each project or organisation tends to be unique so this makes some sense. For some recent projects we have used to following application of the reference designation system, which works has worked reasonably well. The approach is to ensure that the complete reference designation (tag number) for each item of equipment has a function part and a product part.The location aspect is considered optional and only if required. Some examples: 90004 90068 90073 Function aspect [=] 90074 90069 90003 For the function aspect, we use a variation of the principals set out in IEC 61346-2. For example we use = N for a 400 V supply, if there are two independent feeds we may use = N1 and = N2, etc. 90004 90015 90016 90017 90022 Code 90023 90022 Definition 90023 90022 Examples 90023 90026 90017 90018 H 90029 90018 Installations for 30 kV… <45 kV 90029 90018 90029 90026 90017 90018 J 90029 90018 Installations for 20 kV ... <30 kV 90029 90018 90029 90026 90017 90018 K 90029 90018 Installations for 10 kV ... <20 kV 90029 90018 90029 90026 90017 90018 L 90029 90018 Installations for 6 kV ... <10 kV 90029 90018 90029 90026 90017 90018 M 90029 90018 Installations for 1 kV... <6 kV 90029 90018 90029 90026 90017 90018 N 90029 90018 Installations <1 kV 90029 90018 90029 90026 90017 90018 P 90029 90018 Equipotential bonding 90029 90018 Earthing protection 90002 Lightning protection 90029 90026 90017 90018 V 90029 90018 Storage of material goods 90029 90018 Fuel Oil 90029 90026 90017 90018 X 90029 90018 Auxiliary purpose outside main process 90029 90018 90003 Alarm system, Clock system 90002 Lighting installation 90002 Electric power distribution 90002 Fire protection system 90002 Security system 90004 90029 90026 90017 90018 Y 90029 90018 Communication and information tasks 90029 90018 Computer networks 90002 Telephone system 90002 Video surveillance sy stem 90002 Antenna System 90029 90026 90045 90046 90068 90073 Product Aspect [-] 90074 90069 90003 Product aspect is in accordance with IEC 81346-2, code letters - see later in the note for a more detailed explanation.Typical code letters include Q for circuit breakers, T for transformers, A for assemblies (switchboards), etc. There are specified in more detail in IEC 60617 for each type of device. 90004 90003 Generally we number each product in a logical fashion which fits the project (i.e. -Q1, -Q2, -Q3, etc.). For switchboards (Assemblies) we treat slightly different as shown in the table below. This makes the reference designation more meaningful without over complicating the implementation. 90004 90015 90016 90017 90022 Code 90023 90022 Description 90023 90026 90017 90028 -A0xx 90029 90030 Main Distribution Boards 90029 90026 90017 90028 -A1xxx 90029 90030 Sub Main (MCCB) Distribution Boards 90029 90026 90017 90028 -A2xxx 90029 90030 Motor Control Centres 90029 90026 90017 90028 A3xxx 90029 90030 Local Motor Control Panel 90029 90026 90017 90028 -A4xxx 90029 90030 not used 90029 90026 90017 90028 -A5xxx 90029 90030 not used 90029 90026 90017 90028 -A6xxx 90029 90030 Distribuion Boards (MCB) 90029 90026 90045 90046 90003 "xxx" represents an optional number.90004 90003 Initially we did tried to fix 'xxx' across projects to have some useful meaning. This did not work to well, so basically we allocate the numbers logically depending on the project and arrangement of systems. 90004 90068 90073 Location Aspect [+] 90074 90069 90003 We leave the function aspect is freely definable. Generally we find we do not need to use location as this tends to be obvious from the context of the document or drawings. If we do need to use we would define logical set of locations for the project.These may typically be things like + L23 (level 23), + Z01 (zone 1) etc. 90004 90011 Hierarchy 90012 90002 90253 Reference Designation Example 90254 90003 IEC structuring is hierarchical in nature. For example if switchboard = N-A1 contains a circuit breaker -Q1 then the full designation of the circuit breaker would be = N1-A1Q1 (or more simply = N-A1Q1). If the same circuit breaker contains a relay -K12, the full reference would be = N-A1Q1K12. This is further illustrated in the image.This feature of the system makes it easy to number everything uniquely and allows for more commonality in the drawings. 90004 90068 90073 Project Examples 90074 90069 90003 Some more example designations from a current project of ours: 90004 90052 90053 = J03-Q0, = J03-T1 90054 90053 = N1-A01, = N1-Q1, = N1-A614 90054 90053 = N1-A104W614 90054 90053 = N1-G1 90054 90061 90011 IEC 81346-2 Classification of Objects 90012 90003 IEC 81346-2 "Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products - Structuring principles and reference designations - Part 2: Classification of objects and codes for classes "90004 90003 IEC 81346-2, published jointly by IEC and ISO defines classes and subclasses of objects based on a purpose- or task-related view of the objects, together with their associated letter codes to be used in reference designations.The classification is applicable for objects in all technical areas, e.g. electrical, mechanical and civil engineering as well as all branches of industry, e.g. energy, chemical industry, building technology, shipbuilding and marine technology, and can be used by all technical disciplines in any design process. 90004 90068 90073 The Letter Codes 90074 90069 90003 A letter codes enables classification of objects. The new letter codes, which are common to all technical branches, apply from IEC 81346-2 table 1.90004 90003 There are in total 18 classes, identified by the following letter codes: 90004 90287 90003 A - Two or more purposes or tasks 90004 90003 B -Converting an input variable into a signal for further processing 90004 90003 C - Storing of energy, information or material 90004 90003 E - Providing radiant or thermal energy 90004 90003 F - Direct protection from dangerous or unwanted conditions 90004 90003 G -Initiating a flow of energy or material 90004 90003 H -Producing a new kind of material or product 90004 90003 K - Processing signals or information 90004 90003 M - Providing mechanical energy for driving purposes 90004 90003 P - Presenting information 90004 90003 Q - Controlled switching or varying a flow of energy, of signals or of material 90004 90003 R - Restricting or stabilizing motion or a flow of energy , information or material 90004 90003 S - Converting a manual operation into a signal for further p rocessing 90004 90003 T - Conversion of energy maintaining the kind of energy 90004 90003 U - Keeping objects in a defined position 90004 90003 V - Processing (treating) of material or products 90004 90003 W - Guiding or transporting from one place to another 90004 90003 X - Connecting objects 90004 90324 90011 Summary 90012 90003 The above is a very brief introduction to the IEC reference designation system.It is not an easy subject to cover briefly and is better understood by working with the system and seeing live examples. When applied to projects, it does fall into context and everything starts to make sense. 90004 90011 IEC Related Standards 90012 90052 90053 Designation 90052 90053 IEC вісімдесят одна тисяча триста сорок шість: Structuring principles and reference designations 90054 90053 IEC 61175: Designation of signals 90054 90053 IEC 61666: Identification o terminals within a system 90054 90061 90054 90053 Symbols 90052 90053 IEC 60617: Graphical symbols for diagrams - maintained as a database 90054 90053 ISO 81714: Design of graphical symbols 90054 90053 ISO 14617: Graphical symbols for diagrams 90054 90061 90054 90053 Documentation Rules 90052 90053 IEC 61355: Classification and designation for documents 90054 90053 IEC 62023: Structuring of technical information and documentation 90054 90053 IEC 82045: Document management 90054 90061 90054 90053 Preparation of Documents 90052 90053 IEC 60848: Preparation of sequential function charts 90054 90053 IEC 61082: Proportion of documents used in electrotechnology - key document for drawings 90054 90053 IEC 62027: Preparation of part lists 90054 90053 IEC 62079: Preparation of instructions 90054 90061 90054 90053 Data Organisation 90052 90053 IEC 82045: Meta data 90054 90053 IEC 61360 Data element types 90054 90053 ISO 10303: Step data model 90054 90061 90054 90061 .90000 Electrical Substation Components List - Diagram, Working & Functions 90001 90002 The 90003 electricity substation 90004 is a network of electrical equipment which is connected in a structured way in order to supply electricity to end consumers. There is numerous 90003 electrical substation components 90004 like outgoing and incoming circuitry each of which having its circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, and busbar system etc for the smooth functioning of the system. The power system is having numerous ingredients such as distribution, transmission, and generation systems and Substations act as a necessary ingredient for operations of the power system.The substations are entities from which consumers are getting their electrical supply to run their loads while required power quality can be delivered to the customers by changing frequency and voltage levels etc .. 90007 90002 The 90003 electricity substation designs 90004 are purely dependent on the need, for instance, a single bus or complex bus system etc. Moreover, the design is also dependent on the application as well, for instance, indoor substations, generation substations, transmission substations, pole substations, outdoor substation, converter substation, and switching substation etc.There is a need of collector substation as well in cases of large power generating systems e.g. multiple thermal and hydropower plants connected together for transfer of power to a single transmission unit from numerous co-located turbines. 90007 90002 The following are major 90003 electrical components of substations and their working 90004. Each 90003 component functions 90004 are explained in detail with machinery, 90003 substation components diagram 90004 is also given above for your reference.90007 90020 List of Electrical Substation Equipment: 90021 90022 90023 Instrument Transformers 90024 90023 Current Transformer 90024 90023 Potential Transformer 90024 90023 Conductors 90024 90023 Insulators 90024 90023 Isolators 90024 90023 Busbars 90024 90023 Lightning Arrestors 90024 90023 Circuit Breakers 90024 90023 Relays 90024 90023 Capacitor Banks 90024 90023 Batteries 90024 90023 WaveTrapper 90024 90023 SwitchYard 90024 90023 Metering and Indication Instruments 90024 90023 Equipment for Carrier Current 90024 90023 Prevention from Surge Voltage 90024 90023 The Outgoing Feeders 90024 90059 90002 90007 90062 90003 Instrument Transformers: 90004 90065 90002 The instrument transformer is a static device utilized for reduction of higher currents and voltages for safe and practical usage which are measurable with traditional instruments such as digital multi-meter etc.The value range is from 1A to 5A and voltages such as 110V etc. The transformers are also used for actuation of AC protective relay through supporting voltage and current. Instrument transformers are shown in the figure below and its two types are also discussed underneath. 90067 90007 90069 90069 90002 Instrument transformers 90007 90062 90003 Current Transformer: 90004 90065 90002 A current transformer is a gadget utilized for the transformation of higher value currents into lower values.It is utilized in an analogous manner to that of AC instruments, control apparatus, and meters. These are having lower current ratings and are used for maintenance and installation of current relays for protection purpose in substations. 90067 90007 90080 90080 90002 Current Transformer 90007 90062 90003 Potential Transformer: 90004 90065 90002 The potential transformers are similar in characteristics as current transformers but are utilized for converting high voltages to lower voltages for protection of relay system and for lower rating metering of voltage measurements.90067 90007 90091 90091 90002 Potential Transformer 90007 90062 90003 Conductors: 90004 90065 90002 Conductors are the materials which permit flow of electrons through it. The best conductors are copper and aluminum etc. The conductors are utilized for transmission of energy from place to place over substations. 90067 90007 90062 90003 Insulators: 90004 90065 90002 The insulators are the materials which do not permit flow of electrons through it. Insulators are resisting electric property.There are numerous types of insulators such as shackle, strain type, suspension type, and stray type etc. Insulators are used in substations for avoiding contact with humans or short circuit. 90067 90007 90109 90109 90002 Insulator 90007 90062 90003 Isolators: 90004 90065 90002 The isolators in substations are mechanical switches which are deployed for isolation of circuits when there is an interruption of current. These are also known with the name of disconnected switches operation under no-load conditions and are not fortified with arc-quenching devices.These switches have no specific current breaking value neither these have current making value. These are mechanically operated switches. 90067 90007 90120 90120 90002 Isolator 90007 90062 90003 Busbars: 90004 90065 90002 The busbar is among the most important elements of the substation and is a conductor which carries current to a point having numerous connections with it. The busbar is a kind of electrical junction which has outgoing and incoming current paths. Whenever a fault occurs in the busbar, entire components connected to that specific section should be tripped for giving thorough isolation in a small time, for instance, 60ms for avoiding danger rising due to conductor's heat.These are of different types such as ring bus, double bus, and single bus etc. A simple bus bar is shown in the figure below which is considered as one of the most vital 90003 electrical substation components 90004. 90067 90007 90133 90133 90002 Busbar in Substation 90007 90062 90003 The Lightning Arresters: 90004 90065 90002 The lightning arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a substation. These are having a function of protecting equipment of substation from high voltages and are also limiting the amplitude and duration of the current's flow.These are connected amid earth and line i.e. connected in line with equipment in the substation. These are meant for diversion of current to earth if any current surge appears hence by protecting insulation as well as conductor from damages. These are of various types and are distinguished based on duties. 90067 90007 90144 90144 90002 Lightning Arrester 90007 90062 90003 Circuit Breakers: 90004 90065 90002 The circuit breakers are such type of switches utilized for closing or opening circuits at the time when a fault occurs within the system.The circuit breaker has 2 mobile contacts which are in OFF condition in normal situations. At the time when any fault occurs in the system, a relay is sending the tripped command to the circuit breaker which moves the contacts apart, hence avoiding any damage to the circuitry. 90067 90007 90155 90155 90002 Circuit Breaker in Substation 90007 90062 90003 Relays: 90004 90065 90002 Relays are a dedicated component of electrical 90003 substation equipment 90004 for the protection of system against abnormal situations e.g. faults. Relays are basically sensing gadgets which are devoted for sensing faults and are determining its location as well as sending interruption message of tripped command to the specific point of the circuit. A circuit breaker is falling apart its contacts after getting the command from relays. These are protecting equipment from other damages as well such as fire, the risk to human life, and removal of fault from a particular section of the substation. Following is the substation component diagram is known as a relay.90067 90007 90168 90168 90002 Relays 90007 90062 90003 Capacitor Banks: 90004 90065 90002 The capacitor bank is defined as a set of numerous identical capacitors which are connected either in parallel or series inside an enclosure and are utilized for the correction of power factor as well as protection of circuitry of the substation. These are acting like the source of reactive power and are thus reducing phase difference amid current and voltage. These are increasing the capacity of ripple current of supply and avoid unwanted selves in the substation system.The use of capacitor banks is an economical technique for power factor maintenance and for correction of problems related to power lag. 90067 90007 90179 90179 90002 Capacitor Bank in Substation 90007 90062 90003 Batteries: 90004 90065 90002 Some of the important 90003 substation parts 90004 such as emergency lighting, relay system, and automated control circuitry are operated through batteries. The size of the battery bank is depending on the voltage required for operation of the DC circuit respectively.The storage batteries are of two basic types i.e. acid-alkaline batteries and lead-acid batteries. The lead acid batteries are of the most common type and used in substations in abundance as these provide high voltages and are cheaper in cost. 90067 90007 90192 90192 90002 Substation Batteries 90007 90062 90003 Wave Trapper: 90004 90065 90002 The wave trapper is one of the 90003 substation components 90004 which is placed on the incoming lines for trapping of high-frequency waves. The high-frequency waves which are coming from nearby substations or other localities are disturbing the current and voltages, hence its trapping is of great importance.The wave trapper is basically tripping high-frequency waves and is then diverting the waves into telecom panel. 90067 90007 90205 90205 90002 Wave Trapper in Substation 90007 90062 90003 Switchyard: 90004 90065 90002 The switchyards, switches, circuit breakers, and transformers for the connection and disconnection of transformers and circuit breakers. These are also having lighting arrestors to protect the substation or power station from strokes of natural lighting. 90067 90007 90216 90216 90002 SwitchYard 90007 90062 90003 Metering and Indication Instruments: 90004 90065 90002 There are numerous instruments for metering and indication in each substation such as watt-meters, voltmeters, ammeters, power factor meters, kWh meters, volt-ampere meters, and KVARH meters etc.These instruments are installed at different places within substation for controlling and maintaining values ​​of current and voltages. For instance, 90003 33 / 11KV substation equipment 90004 will comprise digital multi-meters for various readings of currents and voltages. 90067 90007 90062 90003 Equipment for Carrier Current: 90004 90065 90002 The equipment of carrier current is installed in the substation for the purpose of communication, supervisory control, telemetry, and / or relaying etc.Such equipment is often mounted on a room which is known as carrier room and is connected across the power circuit of high voltages. 90067 90007 90062 90003 Prevention from Surge Voltage: 90004 90065 90002 The transient of overvoltages substation system is because of inherent and natural characteristics. There are several reasons for overvoltages which may be caused due to a sudden alteration in conditions of the system e.g. load rejection, faults, or switching operations etc. or because of lighting etc.The types of overvoltages can be classified into two i.e. switching generated or lightning generated. However, the scale of overvoltages could be over maximum allowable voltage levels, hence these are required to be protected and reduced for avoiding damage to instruments, equipment, and lines of a substation. In this way, the performance of the substation system can be enhanced. 90067 90007 90062 90003 The Outgoing Feeders: 90004 90065 90002 There are numerous outgoing feeders which are connected to that of substations.Basically, the connection is with a bus of the substation for carrying power from the substation to service points. The feeders can hug overhead streets, underground, underneath streets, and are carrying electrical power to that of distribution transformers at near or farther premises. The 90003 isolator in substation 90004 and breaker of the feeder are considered as entities of the substation and are of metal-clad typically. Whenever a fault is occurring in the feeder, the protection is detecting and the circuit breaker is opened.After detection of fault through manual or automatic way, there are more than one attempts for re-energizing the feeder. 90007 90062 90003 Elements of a Substation 90004 90065 90002 90256 90256 90007 90002 Image Credit: Kiddle 90007 90002 90262 Elements of a substation 90263 A: Primary power lines 'side B: Secondary power lines' side 90007 90022 90023 Primary power lines 90024 90023 Ground wire 90024 90023 Overhead lines 90024 90023 Transformer for measurement of electric voltage 90024 90023 Disconnect switch 90024 90023 Circuit breaker 90024 90023 Current transformer 90024 90023 Lightning arrester 90024 90023 Main transformer 90024 90023 Control building 90024 90023 Security fence 90024 90023 Secondary power lines 90024 90059 90002 While the above are some standard components that are seen in the electrical substations, depending upon the type of substation and their functioning the electrical substation components may slightly change.Also with the advancements in the technology many components are constantly upgraded to keep with the latest advancements to deliver constant power output. 90007.